OPS145 Lab 3 Newversion

Filesystems

A filesystem is a system of organizing files on a storage device. Such a system consists of:

• A standard specifying the meaning and order of bytes on the storage device, and
• Driver-like software which hides the filesystem-dependent details, and allows user-level software to perform generic operations (e.g. copy this file to that directory)

Files and directories are very different things from a human point of view, but on a filesystem they are almost the same thing. Each has a name, permissions, modification date, and the location of its contents. The contents of a file are whatever you'd expect they are, it's different for each type of file. The contents of a directory are the list of its contents.

In this course we're only going to look at the user level of Linux filesystems.

We'll start exploring these ideas by paying attention to the directories and files in the following diagram:

You should have all of these if you finished lab 2.

Absolute paths start at root

In Linux there are no drive letters. All the storage which is accessible is accessible via a path which starts at the root (a single forward slash).

For example your first.txt file is in the Documents directory. The Documents directory is in the asmith15 directory. The asmith15 directory is in the home directory, and the home directory is in the root directory. The root directory does not have a parent directory, technically it is its own parent.

There might be other first.txt files on the system. In order to specify the path to this specific first.txt you use an absolute path: /home/youruserid/Documents/first.txt

The directories in a path are separated by forward slashes (/). This is different from Windows where backslashes are used.

If a path starts with a slash: it's an absolute path.

• Open a terminal and use ls, or ls -l to confirm that first.txt exists and you have the correct path to it:

  ls /home/youruserid/Documents/first.txt
  

• Read the contents of first.txt using an absolute path:

  cat /home/youruserid/Documents/first.txt
  

Relative paths start at PWD

In the last lab you used relative paths when you ran your ls and cat commands. All that means is that the path you used (e.g. first.txt), because it didn't start with a slash, was automatically appended to the present working directory in your terminal (e.g. /home/youruserid/Documents/), resulting in an unambiguous path (e.g. /home/youruserid/Documents/first.txt).

A file or directory name on its own is the simplest type of relative path - you used that last week.

This week we can look at slightly more complicated relative paths so you can navigate the filesystem more efficiently.

1. Use pwd to confirm you're in /home/youruserid
2. Change your PWD to the Documents directory using a relative path, and confirm that worked:

   cd Documents
   pwd
   ls
   

3. Now go back to your home directory (/home/youruserid, not /home):

   cd ..
   pwd
   ls
   

   Two dots (..) means "parent directory" in the shell. Since /home/youruserid is the parent directory of /home/youruserid/Documents: that does what you want in this case. .. is also a relative path.
4. From your home directory change directly into the SampleFiles directory:

   cd Downloads/SampleFiles
   pwd
   ls
   

   This time you had a path with two directories, but it's still a relative path, not an absolute path. It will get appended to the PWD (which was /home/youruserid), resulting in /home/youruserid/Downloads/SampleFiles/
5. You can use .. more than once in the same path. It always means "parent directory". Go back to your home directory from where you are now:

   cd ../..
   pwd
   ls
   

6. Here's a screenshot of the commands from this section so far:

Also:

Linux filesystem

Navigate filesystem

Home directory, directories

~

mkdir

rmdir

tree

ls -r

cp

mv

rm

ln -s